Hallmarks of Kaluga

Hallmarks of Kaluga: 36 records in the reference, dated between 1761 and 1892. By type: masters — 11, urban — 8, assay masters — 5. Shield shapes here: rectangle — 23, square — 3, heart — 2, heraldic shield with border — 2. Most frequent: Рыжов Алексей — 2. 15 different makers and works are named. Every entry carries an image of the mark, its letters, the years it was in use and the shape of the shield. A city mark was struck by the assay office of the town where the item was tested, next to the maker’s initials and the fineness mark. This combination is what ties a silver or gold object to a place and a date.