Assay masters’ marks

Assay masters’ marks: 222 records in the reference, dated between 1721 and 1912. By type: assay masters — 222. Shield shapes here: rectangle — 180, rectangle with rounded corners — 12, square — 12, rectangle with cut corners — 7. The records cover 48 towns and villages. Most frequent: Карпинский Михаил Михайлович — 4, Шмидецкий Иосиф Александрович — 3, Мокеев Михаил — 3. 190 different makers and works are named. Every entry carries an image of the mark, its letters, the years it was in use and the shape of the shield. Hallmarks differ by purpose: the maker’s or works’ mark, the city mark, the assay master’s mark and the fineness mark. An object usually carries several of them, and they are read together.