Nickel Silver coins of Европы
Found: 464Nickel Silver coins of Европы: 464 records in the reference, struck between 1602 and 2018. By denomination: hryvnia — 163, euro — 98, mark — 52, dinar — 27. By country: Ukraine — 163, GDR — 51, Yugoslavia — 29, Bulgaria — 21. Reference prices run from 300 to 32 400 roubles. Every entry carries photographs of both sides, metal, fineness, weight, diameter, mintage and catalogue numbers after Bitkin, Uzdenikov and Conros. The metal determines both the purpose of a coin and its price today. Copper went to small change, silver to the main denomination, gold and platinum to large face values. Fineness and pure metal weight are listed in every entry.
Silver 2147Cupronickel (Copper-Nickel) 944Bronze 571Gold 477Iron (Steel) 379Brass 356Aluminum 338Bimetal 245Copper 209Cupronickel (Copper-Nickel), Nickel Silver, Nickel 149Nickel 129Zinc 77Bronze, Cupronickel (Copper-Nickel) 41Cupronickel (Copper-Nickel), Nickel Silver 35Brass, Cupronickel (Copper-Nickel) 16Billon 15Silver, Niobium 13Gold, Silver 11Cupronickel (Copper-Nickel), Nordic 9Nordic 8
![5 Francs 2002, Fête de l'Escalade 1602-2002 [Switzerland] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20076_5-frankov-2002-avers-139067.webp?v=1734531418)
![5 Francs 2002, Fête de l'Escalade 1602-2002 [Switzerland] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20076_5-frankov-2002-revers-139068.webp?v=1734531418)
5 Francs 2002, Fête de l'Escalade 1602-2002 [Switzerland]
![20 Lei 1930, Portrait of Michael I [Romania] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/9415_20-leev-1930-avers-142901.webp?v=1734530628)
![20 Lei 1930, Portrait of Michael I [Romania] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/9415_20-leev-1930-revers-142902.webp?v=1734530628)
20 Lei 1930, Portrait of Michael I [Romania]
![20 Lei 1930, Shell and Wing, Portrait of Carol II [Romania] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/16345_20-leev-1930-rakovina-i-krylo-avers-142910.webp?v=1734531277)
![20 Lei 1930, Shell and Wing, Portrait of Carol II [Romania] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/16345_20-leev-1930-rakovina-i-krylo-revers-142911.webp?v=1734531277)
20 Lei 1930, Shell and Wing, Portrait of Carol II [Romania]
![5 Centimes 1931, Star [Belgium] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19384_5santimov-1931-zvezda-avers-133950.webp?v=1734531393)
![5 Centimes 1931, Star [Belgium] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19384_5santimov-1931-zvezda-revers-133951.webp?v=1734531393)
5 Centimes 1931, Star [Belgium]
![25 Centimes 1938, Inscription - 'BELGIQUE - BELGIE' [Belgium] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19038_25-santimov-1938-avers-131983.webp?v=1734531381)
![25 Centimes 1938, Inscription - 'BELGIQUE - BELGIE' [Belgium] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19038_25-santimov-1938-revers-131984.webp?v=1734531381)
25 Centimes 1938, Inscription - 'BELGIQUE - BELGIE' [Belgium]
![25 Centimes 1939, Inscription - 'BELGIQUE - BELGIE' [Belgium] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19480_25-santimov-1939-avers-131986.webp?v=1734531397)
![25 Centimes 1939, Inscription - 'BELGIQUE - BELGIE' [Belgium] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19480_25-santimov-1939-revers-131987.webp?v=1734531397)
25 Centimes 1939, Inscription - 'BELGIQUE - BELGIE' [Belgium]
![10 Ore 1942, Holed Circle [Norway] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19600_10-ere-1942-krug-c-otverstiem-norvegiya-avers-180574.webp?v=1734531401)
![10 Ore 1942, Holed Circle [Norway] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19600_10-ere-1942-krug-c-otverstiem-norvegiya-revers-180575.webp?v=1734531401)
10 Ore 1942, Holed Circle [Norway]
![1/4 Shilling 1957-1960 [Jersey] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21096_shillinga-1957-1960-djersi-avers-178273.webp?v=1734531457)
![1/4 Shilling 1957-1960 [Jersey] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21096_shillinga-1957-1960-djersi-revers-178274.webp?v=1734531457)
1/4 Shilling 1957-1960 [Jersey]
![10 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12671_10-stotinok-1962-66957.webp?v=1734531143)
![10 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12671_10-stotinok-1962-66958.webp?v=1734531143)
10 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria]
![20 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/13472_20-stotinok-1962-44808.webp?v=1734531174)
![20 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/13472_20-stotinok-1962-44809.webp?v=1734531174)
20 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria]
![50 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/13913_50-stotinok-1962-23469.webp?v=1734531190)
![50 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/13913_50-stotinok-1962-23470.webp?v=1734531190)
50 Stotinki 1962 [Bulgaria]
![1 Lev 1962 [Bulgaria] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/13919_1-lev-1962-21234.webp?v=1734531190)
![1 Lev 1962 [Bulgaria] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/13919_1-lev-1962-21235.webp?v=1734531190)
1 Lev 1962 [Bulgaria]
![5 Forint 1967 [Hungary] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/22091_5-forintov-1967-avers-134455.webp?v=1734536130)
![5 Forint 1967 [Hungary] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/22091_5-forintov-1967-revers-134456.webp?v=1734536130)
5 Forint 1967 [Hungary]
![5 Marks 1968, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Robert Koch [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20689_5-marok-1968-125-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-roberta-koha-germa_RfA69j4.webp?v=1734531439)
![5 Marks 1968, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Robert Koch [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20689_5-marok-1968-125-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-roberta-koha-germa_qjfncAm.webp?v=1734531439)
5 Marks 1968, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Robert Koch [Germany / GDR]
![1 Lev 1969, Liberation from the Turks [Bulgaria] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12804_1-lev-1969-osvobojdenie-ot-turok-8259.webp?v=1734531148)
![1 Lev 1969, Liberation from the Turks [Bulgaria] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12804_1-lev-1969-osvobojdenie-ot-turok-8260.webp?v=1734531148)
1 Lev 1969, Liberation from the Turks [Bulgaria]
![1 Lev 1969, Socialist Revolution [Bulgaria] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/15974_1-lev-1969-socialisticheskaya-revolyuciya-8031.webp?v=1734531264)
![1 Lev 1969, Socialist Revolution [Bulgaria] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/15974_1-lev-1969-socialisticheskaya-revolyuciya-8032.webp?v=1734531264)
1 Lev 1969, Socialist Revolution [Bulgaria]
![5 Mark 1969, Hertz [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21629_5-marok-1969-gerc-germaniya-avers-153253.webp?v=1734536110)
![5 Mark 1969, Hertz [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21629_5-marok-1969-gerc-germaniya-revers-153254.webp?v=1734536110)
5 Mark 1969, Hertz [Germany / GDR]
![5 Mark 1970, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21189_5-marok-1970-125-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-vilgelma-konrada-r_2ntcAAe.webp?v=1734536093)
![5 Mark 1970, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21189_5-marok-1970-125-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-vilgelma-konrada-r_WgcGYSy.webp?v=1734536093)
5 Mark 1970, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen [Germany / GDR]
![5 Marks 1971, Kepler [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19747_5-marok-1971-kepler-germaniya-avers-153292.webp?v=1734531407)
![5 Marks 1971, Kepler [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19747_5-marok-1971-kepler-germaniya-revers-153293.webp?v=1734531407)
5 Marks 1971, Kepler [Germany / GDR]
![5 Mark 1971, Brandenburg Gate [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/22976_5-marok-1971-brandenburgskie-vorota-germaniya-avers-153295.webp?v=1734536163)
![5 Mark 1971, Brandenburg Gate [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/22976_5-marok-1971-brandenburgskie-vorota-germaniya-revers-153296.webp?v=1734536163)
5 Mark 1971, Brandenburg Gate [Germany / GDR]
![5 Dinara 1972 [Yugoslavia] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/16480_5-dinarov-1972-9400.webp?v=1734531283)
![5 Dinara 1972 [Yugoslavia] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/16480_5-dinarov-1972-9401.webp?v=1734531283)
5 Dinara 1972 [Yugoslavia]
![5 Mark 1972, Meissen [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/18032_5-marok-1972-meysen-germaniya-avers-153331.webp?v=1734531342)
![5 Mark 1972, Meissen [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/18032_5-marok-1972-meysen-germaniya-revers-153332.webp?v=1734531342)
5 Mark 1972, Meissen [Germany / GDR]
![5 Mark 1972, Brahms [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/18101_5-marok-1972-brams-germaniya-avers-153349.webp?v=1734531345)
![5 Mark 1972, Brahms [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/18101_5-marok-1972-brams-germaniya-revers-153350.webp?v=1734531345)
5 Mark 1972, Brahms [Germany / GDR]
![20 Mark 1972, Wilhelm Pieck [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20882_20-marok-1972-vilgelm-pik-germaniya-avers-150390.webp?v=1734531446)
![20 Mark 1972, Wilhelm Pieck [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20882_20-marok-1972-vilgelm-pik-germaniya-revers-150391.webp?v=1734531446)
20 Mark 1972, Wilhelm Pieck [Germany / GDR]
![5 Marks 1973, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Otto Lilienthal [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/9520_5-marok-1973-125-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-otto-lilientalya-germ_8BXSFR7.webp?v=1735110228)
![5 Marks 1973, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Otto Lilienthal [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/9520_5-marok-1973-125-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-otto-lilientalya-germ_IAzJnZR.webp?v=1735110228)
5 Marks 1973, 125th Anniversary of the Birth of Otto Lilienthal [Germany / GDR] 1 700 ₽
![2 Drachmai 1973, Owl [Greece] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12935_2-drahmy-1973-sova-greciya-avers-145676.webp?v=1734531153)
![2 Drachmai 1973, Owl [Greece] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12935_2-drahmy-1973-sova-greciya-revers-145677.webp?v=1734531153)
2 Drachmai 1973, Owl [Greece]
![5 Dinara 1973 [Yugoslavia] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/17007_5-dinarov-1973-9385.webp?v=1734531303)
![5 Dinara 1973 [Yugoslavia] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/17007_5-dinarov-1973-9386.webp?v=1734531303)
5 Dinara 1973 [Yugoslavia]
![50 Lepta 1973, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ [Greece] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19326_50lept-1973---greciya-avers-147146.webp?v=1734531391)
![50 Lepta 1973, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ [Greece] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19326_50lept-1973---greciya-revers-147147.webp?v=1734531391)
50 Lepta 1973, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ [Greece]
![50 Stotinki 1974 [Bulgaria] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/10601_50-stotinok-1974-22482.webp?v=1734530667)
![50 Stotinki 1974 [Bulgaria] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/10601_50-stotinok-1974-22483.webp?v=1734530667)
50 Stotinki 1974 [Bulgaria]
![5 Marks 1974, 100th Anniversary of the Death of Johann Philipp Reis [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12374_5-marok-1974-100-let-so-dnya-smerti-ioganna-filippa-reysa_dVZaKQQ.webp?v=1735110237)
![5 Marks 1974, 100th Anniversary of the Death of Johann Philipp Reis [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/12374_5-marok-1974-100-let-so-dnya-smerti-ioganna-filippa-reysa_dFp5x3y.webp?v=1735110237)
5 Marks 1974, 100th Anniversary of the Death of Johann Philipp Reis [Germany / GDR] 1 400 ₽
![10 Mark 1974, Coat of Arms [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21022_10-marok-1974-gerb-germaniya-avers-147975.webp?v=1734531455)
![10 Mark 1974, Coat of Arms [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/21022_10-marok-1974-gerb-germaniya-revers-147976.webp?v=1734531455)
10 Mark 1974, Coat of Arms [Germany / GDR]
![5 Mark 1975, Year of Women [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/14871_5-marok-1975-god-jenshchin-germaniya-avers-153379.webp?v=1735110243)
![5 Mark 1975, Year of Women [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/14871_5-marok-1975-god-jenshchin-germaniya-revers-153380.webp?v=1735110243)
5 Mark 1975, Year of Women [Germany / GDR] 1 700 ₽
![5 Marks 1975, Mann [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19988_5-marok-1975-mann-germaniya-avers-153376.webp?v=1734531415)
![5 Marks 1975, Mann [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/19988_5-marok-1975-mann-germaniya-revers-153377.webp?v=1734531415)
5 Marks 1975, Mann [Germany / GDR]
![5 Mark 1976, Schill [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/9369_5-marok-1976-shill-germaniya-avers-153373.webp?v=1735110227)
![5 Mark 1976, Schill [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/9369_5-marok-1976-shill-germaniya-revers-153374.webp?v=1735110227)
5 Mark 1976, Schill [Germany / GDR] 1 500 ₽
![1 Drachma 1976 [Greece] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/14533_1-drahma-1976-23658.webp?v=1734531212)
![1 Drachma 1976 [Greece] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/14533_1-drahma-1976-23659.webp?v=1734531212)
1 Drachma 1976 [Greece]
![10 Mark 1976, 20 Years of the Army [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20830_10-marok-1976-20-let-armii-germaniya-avers-148065.webp?v=1734531444)
![10 Mark 1976, 20 Years of the Army [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/20830_10-marok-1976-20-let-armii-germaniya-revers-148066.webp?v=1734531444)
10 Mark 1976, 20 Years of the Army [Germany / GDR]
![10 Dinara 1976, Food for Peace [Yugoslavia] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/22015_10-dinarov-1976-eda-miru-65091.webp?v=1734536127)
![10 Dinara 1976, Food for Peace [Yugoslavia] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/22015_10-dinarov-1976-eda-miru-65092.webp?v=1734536127)
10 Dinara 1976, Food for Peace [Yugoslavia]
![10 Francs 1977 [France] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/7137_10-frankov-1977-65168.webp?v=1735110219)
![10 Francs 1977 [France] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/7137_10-frankov-1977-65169.webp?v=1735110219)
10 Francs 1977 [France] 5 400 ₽
![5 Marks 1979, 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Albert Einstein [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/11205_5-marok-1979-100-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-alberta-eynshteyna_kNT3XSY.webp?v=1735110234)
![5 Marks 1979, 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Albert Einstein [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/11205_5-marok-1979-100-let-so-dnya-rojdeniya-alberta-eynshteyna_UWmahj9.webp?v=1735110234)
5 Marks 1979, 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Albert Einstein [Germany / GDR] 3 400 ₽
![20 Mark 1979, 30 Years of the GDR [Germany / GDR] — 1](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/16650_20-marok-1979-30-let-gdr-germaniya-avers-150435.webp?v=1734531288)
![20 Mark 1979, 30 Years of the GDR [Germany / GDR] — 2](/img/unsafe/rt:fit/w:600/el:0/sh:1/plain/local:///thumb/2024/16650_20-marok-1979-30-let-gdr-germaniya-revers-150436.webp?v=1734531288)
20 Mark 1979, 30 Years of the GDR [Germany / GDR]